A small man at the north gate of Chengdu Prefecture was leaning against the wall of the city, and suddenly a wave of thunder sounded around him. The sound of thunder was shaking. The small man hurriedly stood up and went to the official road of Chengdu Prefecture. He saw smoke and dust rolling and yellow mist was everywhere. He couldn't tell how many people were hiding in the clouds of dust. During the period, the small man hurriedly ran towards the female wall. There was a gong there. Maybe it was because he had not used it for a long time. It was covered with copper green color. The gong used to beat the gong had long disappeared. The small man who could clearly see on the city wall was already in a mess and his whole body was trembling. Perhaps he was infected by this dangerous atmosphere. He instinctively shouted to the city: "There is an enemy attack, and the enemy attack..."

(As a defensive building for cities, cities and castles to resist external invasions, the city walls of ancient Chinese cities are divided into structure and functions, mainly composed of walls, female walls, battlements, city towers, corner towers, city gates and urns. Most of the city walls also have moats outside. According to the raw materials of the building, they are divided into various types of rammed earth walls, adobe walls, blue brick walls, stone walls and mixed brick walls.

"Exhausting the power of the world and being trapped in transfers, it means that the good men are full of horses and the whole camp is strong and the whole camp is strong." The Song Dynasty spent huge recruitment costs, and the result was that other aspects of national defense construction were particularly insufficient. The most fatal one was the lack of repair of the city walls. In addition to the capital of the Song Dynasty, the height of other cities was limited. In addition to the capital of Bianliang and the prefecture, the city walls of the Song Dynasty were more than 20 feet high, that is, more than 2 feet high. Except for some city walls of county-level city defense, most of them were ten to fifteen feet, and even eight or nine feet high.

High city walls. In other words, in addition to large cities, most of the city walls of county-level units in the Song Dynasty were only 3-4 meters high, while the city walls of some county-level cities were less than 3 meters. The city walls of 3-4 meters high were actually not as long as a long spear at that time. In other words, siegemen could stab the soldiers guarding the city without a ladder. In the case that firearms were far from mature, with cold weapons as the main projection weapons, and bows and arrows as the main projection weapons, and catapults were still the first priority in siege, the city defense of most county-level units in the Song Dynasty was actually useless.

From the records of Chen Gui, the author of "The Book of Defending the City", we can see that the city defense before his renovation was that "the city was extremely sharp and narrow, and there was less than a foot wide, and there could not be a single person on it, and there was no woman's head", that is, there was no battlements and no one could occupy a bald wall. This was not as good as many landlord courtyards in later generations! Even the Liao people who lacked the ability to attack were "entered and left Yan and Zhao, and if they were in a state of no one." In addition, the city defense of the Song Dynasty was different from the Tang Dynasty. In the murals of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were a large number of Yongbei City Towers on the city walls, which were not limited to the city gates. The reason for Song City was more mobile sheds, which were very simple, saving money! The war sheds were actually used to wrap battlements and could provide soldiers with lower shooting holes. In addition, the Song Dynasty war sheds were seven feet high and could be used in the war sheds.

Thick three feet of soil on top. In other words, the battle shed can increase the height of the city wall. In this way, the city wall plus the battle shed of seven to ten feet has no practical significance in height. Only the county city wall is only about ten feet high, with one plus and the height becomes more than twenty feet, which is more than two feet high, which is barely available. As a mobile shed temporarily attached to the city wall, the war shed does not consider how to fight against medium and large scattering machines. For example, the "Wu Jing Zongyao" records that the battle shed lacks the necessary protection ability for large scattering machines. "The scatterings on the city are made of big trees, and the trees are embraced and broken as they hit." It can be said that the Song people lacked the necessary safety redundancy in the design of city defense, and most of the city defenses did not have the army with the same level of siege technology in the Song Dynasty.

When the Jin people who were "good at using cannons" came, this city defense system was completely defeated. For example, when the Jin army attacked Kaifeng for the second time, "more than 200 cannons were placed under the city", "flying stones were like rain", and "bombs burned towers and steers". Obviously, the large number of low city walls in the Song Dynasty were unable to resist enemies with this siege strength. Therefore, when the fortress nodes along the border were lost, most cities in the mainland were unable to build solid city defense. With cities but no defense, it was difficult to carry out so-called inside mobile defense, which directly led to the occurrence of the "Jingkang Shame", the country was quickly destroyed, and the entire royal family was almost taken away in one wave. The Song Dynasty, which seemed to save money, actually lacked security and redundant city defense design, can be said to be one of the culprits in the military.

The city gate is the entrance and exit of the city's internal and external transportation. The scale and quantity of the building are often determined by factors such as the size, shape, orientation, and purpose of the city. In order to facilitate escape, there are at least two gates. The larger ones are the four gates in the east, west, south and north. As for Tokyo, the capital of the Wei Dynasty, it is also divided into outer cities and the old capital (also called inner cities). The outer city is more than 40 miles in radius, and the inner city is more than 20 miles in radius. It can be said that it is the largest capital in the world, with a population of up to one million, and at the peak there were about 1.5 million people. Hangzhou had a population of more than 320,000 people at that time, and Chengdu, which suffered from few borders, had more than 250,000 people. At that time, these three places were called the "Three Major Cities of the Northern Song Dynasty".

Now let’s focus on Tokyo, Luoyang, Henan, Chang'an, which was established in the Tang Dynasty. When Zhao Kuangyin founded the country, he wanted to move the capital to Luoyang as a whole. After all, Luoyang was backed by both sides, and the military defense environment was definitely much better than Kaifeng. There were not so many troops to defend. Unlike Tokyo, it was not like Tokyo needed to defend all sides on the Great Plains. It was just that the Northern Song Dynasty had just established its country and fought continuously, and the treasury was empty. If all the officials in Tokyo were moved to Chang'an, it would take a lot of manpower and financial resources. Zhao Kuangyin thought about it for many years and finally gave up. One important reason was that the canal transport conditions in Tokyo. In ancient China, due to the constraints of economic development and transportation conditions, whether the canal materials can be effectively supplied to the capital is directly related to the safety and survival of the national central institutions. Kaifeng is located at the intersection of the canal and the Yellow River. It can be said to be a water and land port with convenient transportation and prosperous trade. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the emperor was in a mess, corrupt officials were rampant, and the people lived in dire straits. After the Jingkang crisis, the Yellow River, which was finally neglected to control, buried Tokyo, the largest capital at that time, in the rolling yellow mud river sand. Kaifeng is not built on the original site, but is a distance from the original prosperous Tokyo.

From an economic and geographical perspective, Kaifeng is located on the large plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and has a well-connected transportation network. This undoubtedly has the advantage of building a capital for the centralized dynasty that relies mainly on the southern grain to support the grain after the economic center of gravity moved south. This is also the focus of the strategic thinking of the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty: that is, relying on convenient canal transportation to support the capital to support a huge bureaucracy and imperial guards. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the canal transportation network was far more developed than Luoyang and Chang'an. The Bian River, Huimin River, Jinshui River and Guangji River run inside the city and are connected with the canal system outside the city, surrounding the capital, collectively known as the "Four Canals of Canals of Canals".

The four canals of canal flow in different directions. The "Wenxian Tongkao·National Usage" says: At that time, the method of canal transport was divided into four routes: the southeastern grains came from Huai to Huai to the capital; if it was Shaanxi, it would go from Sanmen, Baibo to the Yellow River to the capital; if it was Chen and Cai to the whole way, the millet from Huimin River to the capital; Jingdong from Guangji River to the capital. These four rivers connect the national water transport network into a whole, playing a crucial role in the development of the city of Tokyo. The Bian River was the most important canal transport line in the Northern Song Dynasty and the political lifeline of the Northern Song Dynasty. As the largest commercial city in the country at that time, millions of soldiers and civilians in the city

Most of the daily necessities are transported through water. Most of the handicraft raw materials, commodities, etc. in Tokyo are transported through water and sent to all parts of the country. On the other hand, major water systems in the country meet at the Tokyo Fair, forming a huge water transportation network. In the capital, the Bian River, Guangji River, Huimin River, and Jinshui River are connected to each other, the Yellow River connects the canal, the Bian River connects the Huai River and the Yangtze River. Most areas in the country are closely connected, and have truly formed a national unified water transportation system. Materials from various places have been exchanged and gathered. The commercial layout of Kaifeng in Tokyo has shown a new look because of the canal.

In "Along the River During the Qingming Festival", we can see that the Song people like to open shops in the river, along the river bank, shops, restaurants, teahouses, and residences, and stalls are also placed on both sides of the bridge road, forming a prosperous street market. Pedestrians, merchants, hawkers, porters, and carriages are crowded in the streets. After nightfall, the market is lively during the day.

"Tokyo Menghualu" introduces: "From the south of Zhouqiao, the streets of rice, stewed meat, dried jelly, chicken skin, waist and kidney, chicken crushed chicken, each of which is only fifteen cents. Gum fruit, lychee, Yue plum, perilla paste, golden silk plum, and fragrant lemon, are all stored in plum red boxes; in winter, plate rabbit, roasted pork skin, wild duck meat, dripping crispy crystal sashimi, fried horns, pig dirt, etc., until Longjin Bridge, brain meat is stopped, which is called mixed chewing until the third day of the morning." The reason why Zhouqiao Night Market is so noisy is that the warehouse is built in this area. After the cargo ships on the Bian River reach the Zhouqiao Wharf, they need to dock to unload, store, and distribute materials here, and the flow of people also gather here.

Let’s look at the "Along the River During the Qingming Festival". In the Bian River, a total of 29 boats were painted, either by the boatman pulling or by the boatman rowing; some went upstream, some were berthed and docked at the dock. When large ships crossed the rainbow bridge, the boatmen came out to help, some supported them with bamboo poles, some hooked the bridge with long poles to prevent the ship from colliding with the bridge, some used hemp ropes to hold the boat, and some were busy putting down their kneeling poles so that the boat could pass through. The people on the bridge stretched their heads and pinched the tension of passing the boat.

The Han Hongqiao is the throat of the Bian River. The entire bridge in the picture scroll is magnificent and tall, allowing ships on the Bian River to pass through smoothly. The bridge is crowded with vendors and pedestrians. This is the intersection of the Bian River Wharf. Cars and people come and go, commodities are concentrated, and even labor markets are formed here. On the shore, many workers either carry goods on their shoulders or use livestock to carry goods. These materials are transported from the whole country to Beijing and unload them here, so that the vast number of workers make a living.

"History of the Song Dynasty: Geography" contains nearly 50 cities with a population of more than 100,000, of which 15 are located along the canal, accounting for almost 1/3. Tokyo, which is located in the center of the canal network, has a population of one million, "a huge population, with tens of thousands more added, and no more, and no less reduced." The perfect water transportation system has made outstanding contributions to the economic development of Tokyo Kaifeng Prefecture and even the whole country. Externally, it has continuously poured into Tokyo's resources and sent to places in need, which has promoted orderly material exchanges across the country; internally, it has facilitated the lives of residents in the city and reduced transportation costs.

, promoted the development of industry and commerce, and made the city scale, economic development level and population of Kaifeng at that time surpassed Chang'an and Luoyang during the Sui and Tang dynasties. It not only became the national political, economic and cultural center, but also became the most prosperous city in the world. At that time, the cities with about 150,000 people were: Henan Prefecture, Jingzhao Prefecture (Xi'an, Shaanxi), Daming Prefecture (Daming, Hebei), Zhending Prefecture (Zhengding, Hebei), Tanzhou (Changsha, Hunan), Yuzhou (Chongqing City District), Fuzhou (Fuzhou, Fujian), Guangzhou (Guangzhou, Guangdong). If you are interested, you can go and read "Research on the Tokyo City of the Northern Song Dynasty" or "Dream of Tokyo".

Corner towers: They are all built at the corners of the city wall, and the planes are often convex square or round. Corner towers are built on top, and their functions are similar to those of the city tower.

Qiao Tower: It is a lookout tower on the ancient city gate, with two major functions: alarm and time notification.

When building a city in the world, you must build a qiao tower. This is the legacy of the Han Dynasty. The qiao tower means that there are high buildings on the door to look at it. A huge bell hangs in the qiao tower, and it hits the qiu tower, causing the subjects to be wary when they hear it. The number of bells in the morning and evening in the world is 108, and the speed and rhythm of the sound varies according to the direction. Why is the number of bells hitting 108? This is secretly consistent with the rhythm of the climate of the year, which is probably 12 months, twenty-four qi and seventy-two qi. The sum of the three is exactly what you want. See "Zhang Juzheng" Volume 4 "Fire Phoenix".

Gate Tower: It is a tower built on the gate hole on the front of Yuecheng. It is named because it controls the "gate" suspension bridge that must pass into the city. Gate Tower is also called gun tower. It is named because soldiers stationed in the building, setting firearms and cannons, blocking the passage into the city with artillery fire, and eliminating enemies that invade the city gate. This is mostly seen after the Ming and Qing dynasties when firearms appeared.

Horse face: This is a convex pier built on the outside of the city wall at a certain distance. The plane is rectangular and semicircular. It is named because it looks narrow and long as a horse face. It is generally 12-20 meters wide, protruding from the outer surface of the wall 8-20 meters, and the spacing is 20-250 meters (usually 70 meters), that is, within the effective range of bow and arrow throwing stones. It is characterized by being able to attack the enemy under the city from three sides from the top to bottom to prevent fire defense blind spots. Due to the appearance of firearms, this structure has been rarely used in the city walls after the Song and Jin Dynasties. The outer city of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty had a horse face with a distance of 100 steps (about 150 meters), which can be found in "Tokyo Dream Hualu". The "Pingjiang Prefecture Picture" of the Southern Song Dynasty

The city walls in the middle are also arranged in rectangular horse faces. According to the picture, in addition to the two corners of the southeast and southwest corners, 20 horse faces were built in the east and west city walls and 11 south walls. At that time, the Jin soldiers repeatedly went south and had to make a plan for safety. Most of the ancient cities of Liao and Jin were located in the north, but there were also differences. For example, the northern city of Linhuangfu, Liao Shangjing, was the place where the imperial palace was located, so dense horse faces were built on the east, north and west sides of the outer walls, with 13, 12, and 19 respectively, with a distance of 90 steps (135 meters). The southern city is called Seoul, which is lived by civilians, so there are fewer settings. Most of the southern walls are destroyed by the Baiyin Goluo River, with only two remaining horse faces left.

Moat: In ancient times, it was called "city" and the moat. The latter is also called the city river, the city moat or the river guard. It is generally surrounded by the outside of the city wall, and a few of them also built an inner river guarding the inside of the city wall. If a small city is built in a large city, such as the palace city in the imperial capital, the son city in the county city, etc., the river guarding the city is often dug under the city. The former is like the Forbidden City in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, and the latter is like the son city in the Pingjiang Prefecture City of the Song Dynasty. It is made by using natural waterways and manually excavated. In addition to its defense function, it can also be used for boat transportation and city water supply and adjustment. It has inner and outer city walls and two corresponding moats, such as Kaifeng, the Northern Song Dynasty and Pingjiang Prefecture City in the Southern Song Dynasty. The city with three city walls and three city moats is built in Yancheng, Changzhou, Jiangsu during the Spring and Autumn Period.

In the city: In order to avoid the city gate from being directly exposed to the enemy's attack, a city wall is often added to the outside of the city gate to form a defensive bond with a small area. This is the so-called city. As the name suggests, once the enemy enters here, it will be besieged from all sides, like a turtle in a jar. The plane of the city wall is rectangular and semicircular, and its walls are both lower and slightly thinner than the main city wall. Most of the external traffic doors are placed on the side and are twisted and twisted with the main city gate to facilitate defense.

The main city gates and the gates of the imperial capital are usually located on the same axis, which is to enable royal chariots and horses to pass quickly. The gates of the Nanjing Jubao Gate (now Zhonghua Gate), built in the early Ming Dynasty, adopted a three-layer overlapping arrangement method. The length and depth of the length are 128 meters in total. There are 27 locks for garrisons and storing military supplies in the city wall. There are water storage tanks above the gates to defend against fire attacks, water injection holes and multiple gates that can block the enemy. These are all measures to further strengthen the defense of the city gate.

There were many urns built in the Central Plains and Jiangnan cities in the Song Dynasty, and documents and real objects were found. According to the Song Dynasty's "Dongjing Menghualu": ​​"The outer city of the Eastern Capital is more than 40 miles in a radius... The city gates are all three levels of urns, and the doors are bent and opened. Only Nanxun Gate, Xinzheng Gate, Xinsong Gate, and Fengqiu Gate are all directly. This is because of the four main gates, which are all left with imperial roads." This clearly shows that the difference in form between inflection and opening the door and opening the door through direct access is due to the difference in use.

The capitals of the Liao Dynasty were like Linhuang Prefecture, Shangjing (now south of Lindong County, Balin Left Banner, Inner Mongolia), Dading Prefecture, Zhongjing (now Ningcheng County, Kalaqin Banner, Inner Mongolia) and Qingzhou Ancient City (now Baitazi Village, Balin Right Banner, Inner Mongolia), etc., and were all built at the gates with a rectangular wall city.

There were many people who built urns in cities and border forts in the Jin Dynasty. For example, the ancient city of Tulimaodu, located in the right-wing middle banner of Korqin, Inner Mongolia, only has two gates in the east and south, but they all form a circular plane urn with a diameter of about 20 meters. The entrances and exits are facing south. A screen wall is built next to the gate, which is rare in other examples of urns. The ancient city of Jin Dynasty in Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province has an oval plane, with one gate in the southeast and southwest corners, and a rectangular plane urns are built inside the gate.

In ancient times, the daughter wall was called "female wall", which included the meaning of peeping. It was a battlement built on the city wall imitating the form of "shouting" by women, so it later evolved into a special architectural term.
Chapter completed!