Let’s talk about the Gongyuan. The Gongyuan is the examination room for the provincial examination and imperial examinations of ancient students, that is, the place where the imperial examinations were opened. The Gongyuan first began in the Tang Dynasty, such as the Jiangnan Gongyuan, the Beijing Gongyuan, the Dingzhou Gongyuan, and the Chuanbei Road Gongyuan (this place is in the ancient city of Langzhong, Sichuan. There are ruins in these four places. If you have the conditions, time and interest, you can experience the ancient examination venue on the spot). These were all very famous before. Among them, the Jiangnan Gongyuan (known as Jiangning in ancient times) was the most famous as the largest imperial examination room in ancient China. The Gongyuan is generally built in the southeast of the city. The ink-word plaque with the words "gongyuan" was hung in the middle of the gate, and two archways were built in the east and west, "Ming Jingshou Seizure" and "Seeking Talents for the Country" respectively. After entering the gate, there is a dragon gate. The Mingyuan Tower is built inside the gate, which is located at a high height, so you can monitor the actions of the candidates and the people. Mingyuan Tower On both sides are the number houses, which are the places where the students take the exam, generally thousands to tens of thousands of rooms. The number houses are each independent, and are numbered according to the "Thousand Characters Text", such as "Di No. 1", that is, the first number house arranged in the character "Di". The outer wall of each house is eight feet high, the door wall is six feet high, three feet wide, and four feet deep, and the space is very narrow, about a large sedan chair. There is no door, and it is open. In the house, there are brick support on the east and west sides of the brick wall, more than one foot or two feet above the ground, each place is built with brick support to support wooden boards. The boards can be twitched, and the boards below the day are benches and the upper boards are table answer sheets; at night, the upper boards are placed into the lower floor and combined into beds to lie down. Each house accommodates one person, and the candidates sit, lying, eat, and answer sheets are all included. The purpose of this is to prevent candidates from teaching cheating privately, and to facilitate the maintenance of order in the examination room.

The north of the Mingyuan Building of Gongyuan is Zhigongtang, which is the office space of the outer curtain officials. The outer curtain officials refer to the officials who receive scrolls, seals, transcripts, and reading; the chief examiner and the same examiner are called the inner curtain officials. The inner curtain and the outer curtain each perform their duties. According to regulations, once the Gongyuan is sealed, the inside and outside officials are not allowed to communicate with each other to prevent corruption. On both sides of the court are supervisors, referrals, and examination halls, which are the residences of the outer curtain officials. In addition, there are also the receipt, seals, transcripts, and reading halls. To the north of the court are the inner and outer curtain doors. To the north of the inner curtain door is Jukui Hall, which is the place where the chief examiner and the same examiner evaluate the test papers.

Before the examination starts, the examiner enters the tribute court several days in advance, and then locks the tribute court. That is, the examiner lives in the tribute court until the examination is completely completed and idle personnel are prohibited from entering and leaving, and the examiner’s contact with the outside world is interrupted. The examiner divides the room and checks the papers. Several rooms have been arranged in advance according to the "Five Classics". The examiner draws lots to decide which room the examiner is in.

On the eighth day of the eighth month, two days before the provincial examination, the paper was received, sealed and copied, and the officials gathered together to the court, stamped and printed the seat numbers together, and arranged the number number. Before the numbering, they deliberately stamped the number, and the clerks were ordered to check the number and printed them at the same time on the test paper and the number book, and arranged the seat numbers in the semicolons.

The day before the exam, at the ninth hour of the eighth month (3:00 to 5:00 in the morning), the candidates rushed to the tribute school with various supplies and ordered the exam (this item may take a long time. The Jiangnan tribute school will take tens of thousands of people each time, and the darkness is all big. The whole audience is noisy, so you can imagine the difficulty at that time). Check, search, enter their respective quotation houses by number, and then close the gate of the tribute school. Candidates eat, drink, and sleep in the quotation house, and do not leave before the end of the exam. If the candidates want to be convenient, they can only go to the meter at the end of the quotation house, and cannot speak, and can only hold a sign to indicate it. There are words on both sides of the sign, one side says "Into Quietness" and the other side says "Excuseum". Did the ancients very **?

On the tenth day of the eighth month (11:00 to 1:00 in the middle of the night), the clerk will issue the test questions on time (the exam time is quite abundant, with 20 hours in front and back, and copying the questions is enough). Candidates can sleep or start answering the papers with light. Some candidates write the Five Classics and Four books on their underwear in advance, and take off their clothes while the night is dark. The exam time is until the Xu hour of the day (7:00 to 9:00). Because some candidates will hand in the papers in advance, they will open the door and open the cards three times in the afternoon, afternoon, and evening.

On the morning of the tenth day of August, candidates began to hand in papers. One of the outer curtain officials among the reviewers was busy. After the exam, the paper recipient first collected each test paper and stamped his own seal on the surface of the paper, indicating that the paper was handled by him. Then, each ten text was used as a seal to send the name of the seal. After receiving the test paper, the Mixed Officer immediately pasted the name in the upper right corner of the back of the test paper and stamped the seal. The candidate's number was written on the surface of the paper with a floating sign, and then transferred to the transcription office. The transcriptionist at the transcription office began to copy the paper with a red pen and recorded a copy, which was called

"Red scroll", while the original scroll of the candidate is written in black ink, which is called "Ink scroll". After the transcription is completed, the transcription is signed on the two ink papers and signed their official titles, names, stamped on the seal, and then sent to the reading office for proofreading. If the reading officer finds any differences, he will use an ochre pen to correct it. After the reading officer is finished, the reading officer will name and stamp the test paper, and then hand over the red scroll and ink scroll together to the chief officer. The collector is responsible for keeping the ink scroll, and the red scroll will be sent to the premier in batches. After being stamped by the supervisor, the supervisor will be sent to the inner curtain. Everything is normal, and the outer curtain procedure will be completed.

The transcribes in the transcribe start to copy the scroll with a red pen and record a copy, called the "red scroll", while the original copy of the candidate is written in black ink, which is called the "ink scroll". After the transcription, the transcribes sign his official title, name, stamp the seal on the two ink papers, and then send it to the transcribes to proofread. If the transcribes find any differences, the transcribes will be corrected with an ochre pen. After the transcribes, the transcribes will be named and stamped on the test paper, and then handed over the red scroll and ink scroll together to the chief official. The consignee is responsible for keeping the ink scroll, and the red scroll is sent to the commencement hall in batches. After the transcribes, the transcribes will be stamped and sent to the inner curtain after being stamped by the supervisor. Everything is normal, and the outer curtain procedure is over.

After the red paper enters the inner curtain, the inner curtain is first collected and divided into several bundles. The deputy examiner Song Zhisheng draws a lot to decide which bundle of test papers to which room examiner to review. This set of paper marking process is quite standardized, so it is very accidental. According to regulations, the examiner of each room has no right to decide on the test papers. They can only circle the papers they think are good and recommend them to the chief and deputy examiners, which is called "recommended papers", commonly known as "out of the room". For particularly outstanding test papers, the same

Examiners will recommend it specifically, called "high recommendation". Those papers that have not been recommended by the same examiner are called "desolution papers". Examiners must also write comments on these papers to explain the reasons for not recommending it. In order to prevent the excellent works from being abandoned, the examiner has the right to search for good papers in the papers, which is called "search and desolation papers". However, because there are many test papers, the search and desolation papers of the chief examiner is just a form. They generally concentrate on the recommendation papers of the same examiner and then select the candidates in proportion.

The day of writing the list (similar to the announcement of the test results now), it is also the most lively festive day of the year in the year. Early in the morning, the outside of the Gongyuan was filled with people asking for information and watching the fun. The scholars who took the exam usually did not go there and sent servants to listen. If there were no servants, they would send some money to the servants who stayed in the hotel and asked them to listen. The servants and the servants came to report after receiving the letter. On this side, although they wanted to show off the airs of scholars, more importantly, they were afraid that they would not be able to withstand the huge stimulation of sudden joy or sudden sorrow, and they would appear ugly in the public. For example, Fan Jin in "The Scholars" could not bear such a big stimulus at that time. A mouthful of phlegm stuck in his throat. He was still crazy.

My father-in-law slapped him back a few times. At that time, a neighbor said it was very funny---'Mr. Mr. Hu (Fan Jin's father-in-law was a pig slaughter) just now, and Mr. Fan washed his face for a while and had to wash half a basin of lard.'. There was a band of musicians in the gate of the gong courtyard, preparing gongs, drums, and suona. Whenever the gong hall wrote a name, someone immediately handed it out one after another. The musicians immediately beat the gongs, drums, and suona to congratulate him. The name was transmitted outside, and the crowd immediately applauded and cheered. The servants or friends rushed to the hotel to report the message and receive the reward. Without the need to post the list the next day, the name of the new juren had already spread.

The provincial examination is the same as the imperial examination. The names on the list start from the last one. The more you write it, the Chinese rankings are in front, so the more interested those who write the list and watch the audience are. The same is true outside the Gongyuan. Although it is dark and cold, not only does it decrease, but more and more people watch the fun. In the end, many lantern chains are often hung outside the gate, which makes the large floor outside the Gongyuan look like daytime. Hawkers selling all kinds of food come here from all directions, watching the fun while also making a few money.

By the last five, that is, before the top five of this exam were announced, the officers would often bring out more than a dozen pairs of big red candles, lit them, and bring out hundreds of thousands of firecrackers. The musicians retreated from the gate of the Gongyuan to the outer stadium of the hall, and walked out of the five ugly people from the wing room of the Gongtang. They were disguised as big heads, convex foreheads, dark eyes, strange appearances, all their faces were covered with cinnabar, lipstick beards, black gauze hats on their heads, and purple-red robes. This is Kuixing's outfit on the stage, and the most lively and beautiful Wukui is about to begin.

This is an old habit that has been closely related to hundreds of years. The imperial examinations in the Ming Dynasty divided into the Five Classics to select scholars. Each Classic was ranked first as the Jingkui, and each Classic was ranked first to the fifth place must be the Jingkui. Later, the system of selecting scholars in the Five Classics was abolished, but the top five names were still used to refer to the top five in the provincial examination. Starting from the fifth place, the last one was the top of the provincial examination, which was Jieyuan. The imperial examination was ranked first as "Yuan", the first in the provincial examination was called Jieyuan, and the first in the imperial examination was called Huiyuan. The first in the palace examination was called Tang system. Those who went to Beijing to accept the Ministry of Rites must submit their letters, because the person who ranked first was called the head, so they were called the top scholar. After the Jieyuan name appeared, firecrackers were ringing, drums and music were noisy, and the five cores rolled and jumped in the hall, which was the Five Cours. Just as the five cores were joking, the golden list was solemnly posted outside the gate of the Gongyuan. At this time, the undergraduate provincial examination ended in the most lively form.

The rankings of the provincial examinations, the imperial examinations are from high to low: top scholars, second-tier students, Tanhua, Jinshi, Juren, and scholars. What should I do for those who have not won the imperial examinations? Don't worry, there are tribute students and supervisors here. The tribute student system began in the eighth year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (1304). It originated from the tribute system before the Song Dynasty, that is, from grassroots prefectures, prefectures, county schools, and students who have never passed the imperial examinations were selected according to the prescribed quota for students who had never passed the imperial examinations. However, the opportunities for poor children are almost negligible. Needless to say, everyone can understand this, but it is actually used to give those powerful and wealthy nobles.

The backdoor merchants were not popular in ancient times. After all, "scholars, farmers, industry and commerce" were at the end, so it was not enough to have money alone. In the Book of Rites, there is a saying that "the princes offer tribute to the emperor every year". The tribute student was sent to the Imperial College in the capital to study and study. After studying, the Ministry of Personnel was assigned to serve as magistrates, county magistrates, teachers and other official positions. Therefore, the tribute student who entered the Imperial College was also called the tutor, and the tribute student could also be directly selected by the Ministry of Personnel. This system expanded the scope of the career of Jinshi and Juren to advance to official positions, and increased the scope of the imperial court to select talents. The Ming and Qing dynasties adopted this system and made it more perfect and detailed.

There were four types of tribute students in the Ming Dynasty, namely "annual tribute", which was selected by prefectures, prefectures, and county schools every year or every two years; "selected tributes" were selected by prefectures, prefectures, and county schools every three years or five years; "grace tributes" were selected by the court's special grace; "paid tributes" were selected by wealthy families to pay a certain amount of money.

There were six types of tribute students in the Qing Dynasty: "Yugong" and "Engong" were the same as those in the Ming Dynasty; "Yougong" was equivalent to those selected tributes in the Ming Dynasty; "Previous tribute" was equivalent to those paid tributes in the Ming Dynasty. There were also "Bagong" and "Second tributes". "Bagong" was selected from first and second-class students in the provincial examinations. During the Yongzheng period, it was selected every six years, and in the seventh year of Qianlong, it was changed to every twelve years. "Digong" was selected every three years, that is, those who obtained the deputy list of each provincial examination (i.e. those who expanded the provincial examinations). The deputy list could not be participated in the examinations, but it could be directly added to "Digong". It could be selected as an official and a member of the Imperial College.

The senator is a general term for the New Century Novel Network of the Imperial College of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. As early as the second year of Yuanhe in the Tang Dynasty (807), the court appointed 100 students from the Dongdu Supervisor, which was the origin of the title of the senator. In the Ming Dynasty, the Imperial College was established. Among the students across the country, the tribute student was selected to further study. If the senator fails to pass the imperial examination, the senator is called "Quanjian". The senator who selected the senator was "Quanjian". The senator who made meritorious or died in the line of duty was the "Yinjian" and the children who were granted a certain amount of donations could also be studied in the senator. The senator began in the first year of Jingtai (1450).

In the Qing Dynasty, students in the supervision of the school were benevolent, yin, young, and regular supervisors. The supervision was different from the Yougong. Yougong was selected from the rank of students and the number of students, and the selection of the superior students was selected from the appendix. The supervision refers to those who were kind to the descendants of the sages and wise men, or the descendants of the civil servants of the Eight Banners of the Han army were enrolled in the supervision. The supervision was divided into the supervision of the fourth rank of Beijing officials, the third rank of foreign officials, and the second rank of military officials, and the second rank of military officials, according to the rules, one son could be specially allowed to attend the Imperial College. It is difficult to refer to the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the rank of the

Studying in the Imperial College is also a major event in life. As long as you can study hard and drop out on time, you can be selected to be an official, so becoming a student is also a matter of congratulations. Under the eaves of the second exhibition room of the Pingyao Imperial College Museum, a plaque was hung under the eaves of the second exhibition room of the Pingyao Imperial College, with the letter "Biyong Shengjun". It was during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. When the Confucian scholar Han Jiapiao of Pingyao was selected to be an Imperial College as a student, relatives and friends gave him a plaque to congratulate him on his career. The plaque was specially written by Ji Lantai, the imperial examination leader of Qianlong Jiayinen.

Tai was from Pingyao City, with his courtesy name Wanting and his pseudonym Yuntian. In the sixth year of Jiaqing (1801), the Ministry of Personnel's examination scored first, and was distributed to Shaanxi. He served as the county magistrate of Qingjian, Xingping, Fengxiang, Sanshui, Shanyang and other counties. Later, he was appointed as the magistrate of Hancheng. Later, due to his outstanding political achievements, he was promoted to the magistrate of Dingyuan Department of Hanzhong Prefecture. In the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), he was transferred to the magistrate of Harayuer's Grilling Grain Platform for quelling the rebellion of Hui people and also served as the magistrate of Kuqa, Xinjiang. It lasted for 7 years. After quelling the rebellion, he was promoted to the magistrate of Taizhou Prefecture, Zhejiang for his merits.
Chapter completed!